【Note】 Recently Wesson, posted on my blog at Harvard - Yenching Institute, a senior researcher Professor Huang Wansheng the e-mail that circulated on the Internet that he was not satisfied with excerpts version and the full draft distributed to me. here would like to put the whole draft posted here to share with blog friends.
an editorial published this
once a week, Yenching Institute in Japan, Hong Kong, Taiwan's participation in the symposium held on the same subject to resource mobilization by Harvard-Yenching the power of the various regions, to promote the strategic depth of field to make modest, and, as based, established to promote research and teaching in humanities Chinese scholars as a reference can be used as reference, making China the University of thinking about the world is also an important contribution to the University building. This is the original intention of editing this document and look forward to.
University to discuss the concept, it is difficult to bypass the Harvard . Harvard students of the school is not only a dream, that is, most people agree that the university model. German President once boasted a few hundred billion dollars, the construction of Germany's Harvard. Even in China, some university reform, though plausible, but also claimed that the so-called Harvard model. As for China's pursuit of professors, administrators, and both are asking the school management, curriculum, job evaluation, sort of the Harvard experience, choose good pastures, good advice, very sincere attitude. Even the Chinese government sent dozens every year, the municipal officials School of Government at Harvard, majoring in Administration and Management Course, the respect is far from unusual for Harvard. Of course, copying the Harvard experience may not really solve the problems of Chinese university reforms, but the idea of Harvard University, embodied in a reflection can and should be University of the nature of important reference. Harvard University history of the U.S. benchmark, whether it is to follow Harvard's grace, or break through the limitations of Harvard, the United States is almost impossible to get rid of the evolution of the University of Harvard. It now appears that this impact has been not only limited to United States, but the light is universal.
work first came to Harvard, in addition to excitement, and more curious. still a student when the professor heard the old Liuyang enigmatic to say, States of America What is the nature of the university? to the Harvard years, these problems often across my mind, it is frequently asked and, in particular the idea of Chinese scholars began to discuss the university has often argued such problems has become a subject of exploration. < br> In my opinion, the wonderful fact of Harvard simple, humane education center is to train people to lead and change the social culture of the elite talent, really simple to Harvard to continue to implement the basic concept of three hundred years, regardless of social trend of ever-changing, just do not change his mind, adhere to human culture as the basic mission of Harvard. such as, very difficult. because the last million years, rapid development of American capitalism, blazing fast social change, university trapped in , various tests such as the surging torrent, changing human culture beliefs and objectives of the university-oriented Reforms in other emerging everywhere, but Harvard is unmoved, the mainstay of duty-bound to hold high the banner of humanistic education, university education to guide the United States humanistic orientation. This is really valuable thing, human, and insisted!
comprehensive and state of the past century, embodied in the concept of American higher education in the University of roughly five. First, the basic mission of the University of Tuition FAQ, teaching and educating; Second, the University's main role is the development of knowledge; Third, universities should serve the community; four, the University's mission is connecting culture, carry forward traditional; five, the university is the center of social and political criticism. Generally speaking years, these five areas are very important. Is the University not to teaching and educating? Do universities can not produce knowledge? Do universities can not have any cultural beliefs and traditions of the mission while still university? do with the community college is nothing to paradise ? Do universities can no social and political responsibility, and give up its criticism? Clearly, this is inconceivable, especially in today's reality and democratic convictions of capital surging constructed binary society seems beyond the five or missing. but not between them is both light and heavy reliance on nothing, is not consistent with each other but not touch cover? is not as clear as its surface presentation, and no intrinsic trap? In fact, if not carefully combing resolution, the so-called Idea of the University will continue to be the cloud the cloud, but to no avail.
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the so-called education, teaching, which is self-evident truth. Confucian tradition, ;, According to this concept, university education should be the most profound book teaches the most comprehensive human culture. Unfortunately, this idea in modern society by the considerable disturbance damage. The main reason comes from the traditional Western concept of the internal division of education and the rise of modern industrial society brought about by the pressure.
in Confucianism, adult education in the face of all the people, the so-called In Greece, humanistic education is the right of nobles and freemen, slaves are not entitled to. to the Roman Empire, slaves, prisoners of war so that rapid population expansion, the war and the building needs a lot of skilled labor, in order to train slaves, developed specifically for the slaves ; technical education , that makes all of humanistic education as the educational concept of the whole society. Moreover, skills, education is no longer a slave Dengerxiazhi education, the ideal of civilian education you happen to make technical education and higher education has become a very strong part. well, if necessary skills education should be an integral part of humanistic education, you can expand people's understanding of space, abundant human nature. Confucian ideas in the Qin dynasty, there were the The earliest understanding of education in France, only recently a Fellow of the College de France only in special groups set up two permanent seats for arts and crafts expert academicians, costume Pierre. Cardin is a French Academy of arts and crafts.
However, the essence of education on skills All of the utilitarian tendency, if not bound by human ideas, pollution and changes will be fundamental mission of education. Higher education in humanities education is different from the Mongolian children, Mongolia is about the life of child education mainly conduct training in memory of the specification, so as to gradually understand the life principle and reason, the University's humanities education is not an ordinary man, and instead the group of students as future leaders of London's elite can be nurtured, these people can shine no matter what the field's luster, a teacher, are shining the forward direction of the star people. this kind of education is not primarily technical education, but education in the humanities. through philosophy of education, master of human wisdom, the mystery of existence; training through religion, seek the ultimate concern of people, there is open significance; through the history of the study, the accumulation of collective human memory, the lessons of history into present consciousness; through the study of literature, understanding the emotional world of fine deep, makes of all existence is empathy, understood by Life Community; through political science, sociology to explore and understand the suffering of all kinds of frustration, unsatisfactory, to clarify and strengthen the existing duty, the same, through the teaching of basic theories of natural science, and understand the complexity of the objective world, deep, endless, to enrich and improve the people's spiritual world, and so on, are indispensable. This is known as sympathetically, it is long-standing humanistic education (liberal arts education) the philosophy, the humanistic education of undergraduate students reflects the basic spirit of the core courses (core courses) teaching, and in response to changing times and continuously adjust the specific subjects. Recently, after adjustment Harvard core curriculum includes seven basic areas: foreign culture, history, literature and art, ethics, quantitative analysis, social analysis, and natural sciences, the seven aspects of the specific subjects under there are hundreds of species. This initiative Harvard highlighted the purpose of training personnel, after their ancestors, not adults, how talent? Harvard does not simply exclude the training of professionals, it's gathered a considerable amount of Research in Intelligent outstanding young talent, but these almost no training is not extraordinary literature, most of which came out of training specializing in undergraduate humanities Humanities (liberal arts college). This ensures that no matter what kind of these professionals in specialized areas, have an extensive background in human care.
Now, the emphasis on the humanities philosophy, comparative deeply anchored in the United States. In my experience as an example a child, he read in the United States is liberal arts, graduate, get a job in the communications industry, and soon became a regional manager, management, dozens of stores, and he entered the company and in the same capacity, another young man, his salary percent less than my kids XXV, the child asked his boss: Why does my wages higher than his? boss's reply is simple: because you are a liberal arts, your background and he is different. I can not say this is a common phenomenon, however, can indeed reveal that people in everyday life the importance of the humanities and trust. However, the establishment of this belief, but it is dumping rain wind reminder, hard-won. The main pressure is from the Cuikulaxiu rapid development, instrumental rationality, money worship, technology impact fiercely Marxist Idea of the University of Humanities, to the concept of skills development as the central challenge of the traditional university mission, skills-based education in schools (professional college) have emerged. Even Harvard Business School has established the School of Law, Medicine, School of Government and other College. However, it is long-standing literary education of people, that makes this community has a number of ideological and cultural elite in the technology, utilitarianism, consumption Dahua risk doctrine waves in the world of evil, to turn the tide, and humanism, rose by a solid embankment, stop the proliferation of capital wantonly wicked. Even such eminent physicists as Einstein emphasized humanities education in professional education for absolutely necessary, to the kind of cultural background is not purely satirical skills training as a a long time, the humanities are marginalized in the educational concepts, more seriously, the situation is still deteriorating day upon day. People often lament today's society Moral Degeneration, Renxinbugu; a considerable number of scholars cry reconstruction humane care, Tongbian money worship, utilitarian social corruption; Some university presidents have told me not attract good students complained about liberal arts, science and engineering can only be unsuccessful, he lifted out of short, humble in the sperm retrieval. must Most people believe that the root cause of these conditions is that the market economy since the reform and opening up has led to people about money, corruption, the moral conscience of man. No doubt, this is a very important aspect. However, the problem is that the West the world capitalist market economy than the much more developed market in China, why is there the degree of mental breakdown is not so bad? though, it also exists a wide variety of problems, but basically the effective control. was also suggested that the Government responsibility, the Government's conduct policy-oriented and distribution of a problem. Of course, this is definitely one of the reasons. But, so far, the Chinese government is still the world's most extensive government functions, and the government building in the spirit of the great power of betting in other countries, why not the desired effect? Moreover, in accordance with the principle of secularism of modern democratic theory, the Government should be in the spirit of the area of minimum intervention.
can therefore be said that the market economy is the reason for government action is also a factor, I fully accepted, even in these areas there is room for further mining. But perhaps more important aspect is more subtle for reflection. In the final analysis, how to understand the existence of a market economy the issue further, there is how to develop the market, the problem and how to control the market; even if government action is done by people, who form a government what kind of philosophy, will do what kind of things. In this sense, an important question is, understanding can be solved. It is most unfortunate that the Government and the whole This is quite ridiculous. In fact, understanding the government traced the history behind the existence of lineage, spiritual context, this is the idea come true Why clues. Therefore, the general sense of the critical government crusade against social fear is not enough. in the understanding of historical context, often by critics of critics, and there is no essential difference, if for critics to deal with specific issues, perhaps they do not like those who are critics of the Daoxing and skill. This is Ironically, the history of great jokes, but unfortunately, it often happens with.
basic problem is our humanity gone? why we do not have enough strength to resist the utilitarian Humanities, money worship and community The corruption pollution? look at this issue today, we can say that this is so-called The so-called human cultural education. enhance the quality of people, consciously resist excessive social model. De Woken very famous judge that fight enlightenment intellectual tradition was broken, replaced by a sound of photochemical electricity; private school education, cultural heritage stopped, the government established in accordance with their own understanding of the University. Sheng establishment of the Northern Naval Academy, Naval Academy Southeast Asia, but steel shipbuilding , human vision is not within the basic education. Capital University of Arts, though the main set, but it is also designed to train government bureaucrats, functional considerations dominates, History of the training capacity is among the officialdom of the deal and will they be a gimmick , until the Republic of China, Cai served as president of the liberal arts education, people started going back to the real meaning of literature, became the backbone of the so-called spirit of the traditional Peking University.
practical skills such attention to the tendency to Development intensified, scientism, instrumental rationality elite of that time of course of the election, China attaches importance to human culture has been a fierce tradition of liquidation, has become corrupted soul poison, bound hand and foot shackles, did not clear it can not progress in China, can not be developed! Since then, the wind flying the banner of science, the negative peaks against airborne toxic music education. China off towards the modern ship is in such turmoil sail weigh anchor, in a deviation from the human target routes, often running aground It is the fate of stranded do not. This Way go so bitter! However, Yuanshui? This is shaping our nation's elite Such routes, such direction. There is no doubt that such understanding also gave birth to modern Chinese Idea of University, just over a hundred years the history of the Chinese University, from the beginning to today, has been in science, utilitarianism, skills doctrine entangled in the planning and growth abnormalities, in which the paranoia is alarming, and even universities closed, the national abolition of the arts, the sciences, only for miracles also created. This is the Humanities advocate the inevitable result of the mentality of Science and Technology. I remember, even the revolutionary passion of Lenin, before his death in 1923, proposed that socialism is the Prussian railways, coupled with U.S. technology, coupled with trust, with the American people education. What is the American National Education? is the humanistic philosophy from the University developed the quality of popular education. The Chinese are almost the same philosophy from the University of the Humanities and cleaned out.
not a question of liberal arts college, is not there, but as long as the skills to become the University of Marxist philosophy, liberal arts can also be turned into skills training, philosophy can only just a recitation of the dogma, history can be just a certain period of the events, literature, Canadian writers only works out as long as you practice a master of these , of course, can not be a skills education. our liberal arts education is not that large numbers year after year to create thinking, now the neglected skills of humanities education is the meaning, University of market society only in the training slaves. Rome was forced to accept slave skills education, now is the significance of people who bothered to take the initiative to fight slavery, which is how ironic! repeat itself sad! the wind, s minds grass Idea of the University in China, actually there are people of praise, called Qi Zai!
I attended to this article, seems fair idea of impartiality is not advocating the University in a will, you can have a variety of University of concept, the university can be the development of human ideas, it can be the development of the concept of engineering universities, and even cited a Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, for example, proof of concept in different universities can do a world-class university. I think led to this view, on the one hand is the problem of a lack of understanding of the Idea of University, on the other hand is a Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of words too literally. University philosophy is the essence of the University and the University of the fundamental purpose of what not to do or not what to do, but no matter what you do not get rid of the basic position. the development of arts, science, engineering, liberal arts training personnel, scientists, engineers, all of which have a basic principle behind the university is to train and guide these people into services the elite of society, rather than to seek their own interests of the craftsmen, so they must accept the humanities education, wisdom and knowledge, open minded vision, cultivate emotional sentiments, ideal culture, understanding the responsibility mission, on the basis of an expert in this talent, you can in various fields and contribute to society. This is the University's mission, on the understanding of this mission is the university idea. In addition, there is no difference between what a variety of university ideas of each other. However, at Harvard and MIT Institute of distinction, and indeed there is the development of the characteristics of different professions, it should be understood? a long time, Harvard is actively and consciously not to develop engineering, the main reason is that adhere to the liberal arts education and develop human care, to prevent pollution of engineering skills tendency Harvard The basic spirit. On the surface, is a Massachusetts Institute of Technology University of Technology, but it is in the process of engineering development, and continuously recognize the importance of the humanities, and now the Massachusetts Institute of Technology is by no means a simple engineering education, it is strong development of the basic areas of the humanities, it is the United States Department of Philosophy Department of Philosophy, one of the best, as Chomsky has such prestigious world of the philosophers who mind, it's sociology of political science, who has Rostow such as the importance of academics to American politics, it's economics, not only great scholars like Paul Samuelson, now there are still outstanding such as Krugman, a well-known economists insist humanistic philosophy, its history Department even opened early Chinese history courses. such schools can understand it as a simple engineering colleges? And, this approach is quite common in the United States, California Institute of Technology, Texas A & M Institute of Arts and Humanities Education very strong, liberal arts university in general is very difficult par. should be seriously ask is why has the engineering schools were committed to the development literature, what they see? Do we have the nerve to the university idea what engineering is also used as to care for it? The good news is, the domestic science and engineering university, such as Tsinghua University, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Xi'an Jiaotong University and so have noticed the importance of developing social sciences, opened the History and Philosophy major, there is also a national liberal arts base. Of course, liberal arts is a necessary condition for the Humanities, but it does not mean that the humanities, generally from people who set the literary arts to education, there is still a long way to go, I hope all this is not a flirtation of Huaquanxiutui.
three Idea of University growth process
another test of whether the University's mission is the production of knowledge. seventeenth century, the rapid expansion of the scale of human knowledge, the emergence of the knowledge and the vast majority of universities, since the university gathered the best intellectual society, and that powerful new knowledge to change society, thus, an idea emerged: The main mission of the University should be the production of knowledge. Because of this concept of promotion, there has been a number of research universities , for example, Princeton University, the University of Chicago, Harvard, also can be seen as a significant portion of research universities. Undoubtedly, the University must have a base of knowledge production, many of the intellectual elite does not produce knowledge is the strange thing. However, whether knowledge production as a core mission of the University? will replace the basic functions of teaching and educating?
several inevitable consequences must be considered.
University is not the Institute, the Institute engaged in research to compare a single of knowledge production, and eventually to teaching and educating college students. If the production of knowledge as the core concept of the University, then in personnel training, will focus on intellectual talent, contempt humanities education. This is just training professionals and not professionals, university training in all areas of society can embody the concept of an elite human mind can not be implemented. Thus, universities can produce knowledge, and no new knowledge to enrich, human culture is difficult to explore the vast realm of But knowledge production can not take precedence over human culture, but can not replace human literary education.
outstanding knowledge, but also how to deal with wisdom? knowledge, education and intellectual culture is very different, there is a well-known Harvard inscription: To increase knowledge and wisdom came , to serve the motherland and our compatriots to go out. outstanding education and intellectual culture of knowledge, the dual task. in the Harvard campus, Harvard copper as the base of the emblem engraved on the relief of Harvard, of which two are open book, and another one the page is creeping up the spine, a means of symbolic interpretation, two open book represents the knowledge obtained through books, the other is of wisdom, not only can get through the book. This is a very important concept , with view of the world significance. so far, although the so-called the exclusion of particularity and subjectivity, depending on conditions in the same general validity can be verified repeatedly, or not become knowledge. because of this provision, the meaning of the world, the value of the field, not in the knowledge of the scope of the aesthetic realm, they can not meet quantitative requirements of knowledge and certainty. But wisdom is different than the knowledge complexity, wisdom, and certainly the main relevant, or individuals, or groups, there is no non-principal of wisdom; wisdom and life experience of a certain correlation, a certain and life situations linked, it is the understanding, insight, predictable, determination, coordination. Therefore, the wisdom of the culture, need to participate, experience, and understand; and knowledge of education but by imparting instruction, rote memorization, work to complete the examination. This is a very different. Of course, the accumulation of knowledge can enrich the intellectual culture, wisdom, knowledge and understanding can also enhance the training, during which can be connected. However, the wisdom of education and knowledge does not through reading books can be obtained directly. Because of this difference, the way of teaching also great interest and quality differences. unrelated to the teacher's teaching skills, low skilled or clumsy, knowledge and education, the teaching of basic one-way giving and receiving, in university labs, students start with the basic wage is the instructor, according to the plan every step instructors. But the wisdom of culture teaching is another scene, which is based on the teachers and students both experience of reflection and debate difficult, based on the Harvard Arts classroom, the teacher and students ask each other questions each question is a common phenomenon. In recent years, years, an increasing chance of returning to give lectures, deep feelings are reflective questions classes of students is too small, probably this is too much knowledge through education to develop the habit of it. so that people are truly the breeding of the bureaucracy but Life is never the bad habits of thinking create? However, the reflective wisdom ah!
prominent universities in knowledge production is the biggest problem with the concept of knowledge standard specifies the direction of university teaching. This is very dangerous. this approach during the Arts education, emasculated the liberal arts humanities, liberal arts into a knowledge not only of teaching, and wisdom has little to do, and in accordance with the standards of knowledge, cutting the arts, those who do not meet the quantitative and deterministic knowledge of the principles of liberal arts education is not the content. Therefore, culture, history, philosophy, government, law, society, via the classroom without the breath of life into a variety of symbols. philosophy only logic, language, analytic philosophy, history, science and historical facts into a science, text and various genres of literature became symptom Discrimination label. In the United States Department of Philosophy was once the dominance of analytical philosophy, Harvard is no exception, until today, many universities analytic philosophy is still the main course. I do not generally against the knowledge of philosophy or the liberal arts education, at least it can help people more correct to ask questions, however, the essence of philosophy is philosophy, in any case not rely on words, concepts, syntax, mathematical analysis for almost can really solve. In recent decades, the philosophy seems, is a science, it is wise to be a pile of deep and dull formula instead. The situation finally became intolerable, I write these words, when in October this year, Harvard professor Commission issued a very important report, stating that Harvard students may face outside the door in the real world issues graduates will face in their lives the facts. do not have the face of religion, but in the world, they must face the religious issue.
China's universities can not be in the middle of the trend of teaching outside the monopoly of knowledge. the object of academic study, so that Taiwan's Academia Sinica, in a very long time only to concentrate on the development of History and Philology, because the historical materials and the language is determined to be quantified. and literature, philosophy can not be accurately quantified so the long-term marginalization of the so-called Literature and Philosophy, until a few years ago, was cast off the who indefatigable research to collect historical data to teach students, think that this is the true knowledge of history, and historical significance of those issues on the depreciation for the white elephant, the only of Sinology and positivism lead. Of course, master solid historical data, the pure clear truth , is the basic requirement of historical research, the kind of nonsense was rampant disregard of the adverse facts style of study, disgusting hatred. but the resulting over-exaggeration of its term, the entry, but to train students, will also harming the world. This has led to the dynasties of the people studied repeatedly refined, not because of the discovery of new historical data, but the historical event itself contains the wisdom and significance of the profound revelation permanently excited with the desire to explore, continue to attract people with Wing appreciate and nurture the growth in the history of updates people. This is the eternal search for, forever, never ending.
ancient Chinese sages and the martial arts realm of a precise positioning, the University identified the so-called primary school, primary schools were, phonology, exegesis, textual , scholar, Wang, etc., which is not a master of primary treatment, which is not freely about the world of the University of Tam ...
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